What Businesses Can Expect When It Comes to PPP Loan Forgiveness
Bob Haney • April 27, 2020
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Relief (“CARES”) Act was passed on March 25, 2020 in order to provide, amongst other things, much needed and immediate assistance to businesses impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Under the CARES Act, the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) is authorized to temporarily guarantee loans under a new SBA (7(a) loan program, otherwise known as the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”).
If used correctly and in accordance with the CARES Act guidelines, these PPP loans are potentially eligible for complete and tax-free forgiveness. PPP loan amounts are forgivable to the extent that such funds are used to pay forgivable expenses as delineated in the CARES Act (“Qualified Expenses”) within eight weeks after the PPP loan is disbursed (“Expenditure Period”). Any of the PPP loan funds that are not used on Qualified Expenses during the Expenditure Period must be paid back within two years.
Please note that the CARES Act provides that PPP funds will be forgiven on a covered loan in an amount equal to the sum of the payroll costs incurred and payments made during the Expenditure Period. At this time it is not known whether the costs and payments eligible for forgiveness include funds paid during the Expenditure Period or funds that were both paid and incurred during the Expenditure Period. Accordingly, until the SBA provides more definitive guidance on this, borrowers should only use PPP funds for the payment of expenses incurred and paid during the Expenditure Period.
Now that the $349 billion in funds from the initial round of the PPP have been exhausted, and businesses await the second round of PPP funding (approximately $310 billion), what can PPP borrowers expect to be forgiven as Qualified Expenses?
Here are some of the most common questions, and our answers, regarding the PPP loans:
- Rent Payments
- Any rent payments under a lease that is in effect before February 15, 2020 will qualify as a Qualified Expense.
- There is currently no guidance whether rent prepayments, past-due rent payments or late fees under a lease are Qualified Expenses.
- Utilities
- Utility payments are Qualified Expenses and include electricity, gas, and water.
- Internet, telephone and transportation utilities are also most likely covered as Qualified Expenses, however, further SBA guidance is needed on these items in order to know for sure.
- Mortgage Payments
- Principal payments or prepayments are not Qualified Expenses.
- Any mortgage interest incurred on or before February 15, 2020 is a Qualified Expense.
- How Much of the PPP Funds Need to be Spent on Payroll?
- At least 75% of the PPP funds need to be spent on payroll costs.
- Payroll costs include the following: (a) salaries, commission, wages or other similar compensation up to an annualized amount of $100,000 per employee; (b) tips; (c) paid vacation, sick, medical and family leave; (d) severance pay; (e) group health insurance expenses; (f) state or local payroll tax; or (g) retirement benefits.
- Payroll costs do not include the following: (a) payments for emergency paid sick leave or expanded family and medical leaves; or (b) federal pay roll tax expenses.
- Are Employee Bonuses and Raises Included as Qualified Expenses?
- It is not entirely clear whether raises or bonuses paid to employees will be considered Qualified Expenses. Any borrower using PPP funds to pay employees bonuses or raises should only do so as the borrower would otherwise do in the ordinary course of its business. Additionally, it is important to keep in mind the $100,000 compensation threshold when giving bonuses and raises.
- Are Compensation Payments to Shareholders, Members or Other Owners of Borrowers Covered as Qualified Expenses?
- Distributions to shareholders, members or other owners of borrowers that are not payments for work performed by such shareholders, members or other owners would not be considered a Qualified Expense.
- Payments to shareholders, members or other owners who perform work for the borrower may be included in payroll costs as a Qualified Expense.
- What Will Reduce PPP Loan Forgiveness Amount?
- The PPP loan forgiveness amount will be reduced by (a) the reduction in the borrower’s average number of full-time equivalent employees (“Employees”), and (b) reduction in Employees’ salaries.
- The PPP will compare the borrower’s average number of Employees during the Expenditure Period against the number of Employees during borrower’s choice of either the period from (i) February 15, 2019 until June 30, 2019; or (ii) January 1, 2020 until February 29, 2020. If there is a decrease in the number of borrower’s Employee’s during the Expenditure Period compared to the applicable base period, the PPP loan forgiveness amount will be reduced in proportion to such decrease.
- The PPP loan forgiveness amount will be reduced dollar for dollar for a reduction of more than 25% in the total compensation of any employee during the Expenditure Period as compared to the most recent quarter that the employee was employed prior to the Expenditure Period. Please note that this will not apply to employees who made more than $100,000 in 2019.
- Can Rehiring Employees Eliminate Loan Forgiveness Reduction Amounts?
- Yes. If a borrower’s reduction in Employees occurred between February 15, 2020 and April 26, 2020 and the borrower eliminates that reduction in Employees by June 30, 2020 (either by rehiring Employees or hiring new Employees), then the Employee reduction will not be used in determining the loan forgiveness amount.
- Can I Restore an Employee’s Salary to Eliminate Loan Forgiveness Reduction Amounts?
- Yes. If an employee’s total compensation is reduced more than 25% but such employee’s salary reduction is eliminated by June 30, 2020, then the salary reduction will not be used in determining the loan forgiveness amount.
While we await further guidance from the SBA on what will and will not be forgiven under the PPP loans, it is important to be aware of what you are using your PPP loan funds for and why. As the PPP loan forgiveness rules can be complex and vague, it is important to consult with informed attorneys, financial advisors, bankers and accountants on how best to proceed. Our team is keeping up to date on these on-going developments and will be sure to advise you accordingly. Should you have any questions, don’t hesitate to call or email us.
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Dental practices that choose to lease rather than purchase and own their business location have several options for setting up shop. While plenty of practices operate out of stand-alone buildings, even more lease space in retail shopping centers, professional buildings, or office complexes. The terms of that lease – from the rent to the term to build-out, termination, or assignment rights – can have an outsized impact on the growth and success of a practice. But one lease provision, in particular, can determine whether your practice faces stiff and unwanted competition from another practice just steps from your office’s front door: the exclusivity (or exclusive use) clause. What Is An Exclusive Use Provision in a Dental Practice Lease? As the name implies, an exclusive use clause in a lease limits the landlord’s ability to lease space in the same complex or building to another tenant engaged in the same type of business. Think about why you would choose a particular location for your practice. Aside from the features of the space itself, it is likely because of favorable characteristics like foot traffic, accessibility, parking, and the lack of other similar practices in the surrounding area. If, after conducting demographic research and spending time and resources selecting the perfect location for your practice, your landlord could wipe out those efforts with the stroke of a pen by leasing space nearby to a competing practice, it could be a devastating blow. Negotiating an Exclusive Use Provision Most commercial leases are initially prepared by the landlord. As such, they are unsurprisingly skewed in favor of the landlord’s interests. It is unlikely that a landlord would voluntarily and preemptively tie their hands by limiting the pool of potential tenants. That is why the burden is usually on the tenant to push for and negotiate an exclusivity provision. When negotiating the terms of your dental practice lease (which you should only do with the help and counsel of an experienced attorney), the goal will be to get your landlord to agree not to rent space to other dental practice tenants. If your landlord refuses to limit their ability to lease space to other dentists generally and you nevertheless want to pursue the desired space, you may be able to be more specific and agree to a provision that restricts the landlord’s ability to lease to a particular competing specialty such as pediatric dentists, orthodontists, periodontists, etc. Protecting Yourself From a Landlord’s Breach of an Exclusivity Clause The contracts most likely to be broken are those with few, if any, consequences for violating their terms. That is why the value of an exclusivity provision is directly related to the price that the landlord will pay for entering into a lease with a competitor despite the clause in your lease. Given the potentially catastrophic impact of having a neighbor in the same building siphoning off your patients and diluting your hard-earned goodwill, that price should be significant. Several different penalties can serve to protect your practice from a breach of an exclusivity provision: Rent Abatement. One of the most straightforward and commonly used remedies is rent abatement. If the landlord allows a competing business to open in violation of the exclusive use clause, an abatement penalty can entitle you to a full or partial reduction in base rent or other charges. This abatement typically remains in effect until the violation is cured or the competing tenant leaves. The lease should specify the amount of rent to be abated (e.g., 50% of base rent) and whether the abatement applies to other charges such as common area maintenance fees or percentage rent. Termination Right. A strong lease will give the tenant the option to terminate the lease entirely if the landlord fails to cure the violation within a specified period after notice. This is a significant penalty that underscores the seriousness of the exclusive use protection. Liquidated Damages. Liquidated damages provide a pre-agreed amount that the landlord must pay if it breaches the exclusive use clause. This can be calculated based on the tenant’s projected loss in revenue, estimated lost profits, or some other measurable metric tied to the tenant’s business performance. Injunctive Relief. Ideally, the lease should give you the right to seek injunctive relief from a court to stop the violation of the exclusive use provision, such as requiring the landlord to terminate the lease or evict the competing tenant. Getting a landlord to agree to a strong exclusivity provision with equally strong penalties for breaches of it requires deft and persuasive negotiating skills, and is yet another reason why dental practice owners should never enter into or negotiate a lease without the assistance of experienced counsel. If you are considering a lease for your practice, please contact Grogan Hesse & Uditsky today at (630) 833-5533 or contact us online to arrange for your free initial consultation. We focus a substantial part of our practice on providing exceptional legal services for dentists and dental practices, as well as orthodontists, periodontists, endodontists, pediatric dentists, and oral surgeons. We bring unique insights and deep commitment to protecting the interests of dental professionals and their practices and welcome the opportunity to work with you. Jordan Uditsky, an accomplished businessman and seasoned attorney, combines his experience as a legal counselor and successful entrepreneur to advise dentists and other business owners in the Chicago area. Jordan grew up in a dental family, with his father, grandfather, and sister each owning their own dental practices, and this blend of legal, business, and personal experience provides Jordan with unique insight into his clients’ needs, concerns, and goals.
Recent amendments to the Illinois Dental Practice Act (the “Act”), which Gov. JB Pritzker is expected to soon sign into law, will make it easier for newly minted dental professionals to begin practicing while their license applications are pending. The amendments, which would take effect on January 1, 2026, establish the following criteria under which license-pending dentists and dental hygienists can practice under the delegation of a licensed general dentist: The Applicant has completed and passed the IDFPR-approved licensure exam and presented their employer with an official written notification indicating such; The Applicant has completed and submitted the application for licensure; and The Applicant has submitted the required licensure fee. Once obtained, authorization for dentists and dental hygienists to practice under these provisions can be terminated upon the occurrence of any of the following: The Applicant receives their full-practice license; IDFPR provides notification that the Applicant’s application has been denied; IDFPR requests that the Applicant stop practicing as a license-pending dentist/dental hygienist until the Department makes an official decision to grant or deny a license to practice; or Six months have passed since the official date of the Applicant’s passage of the licensure exam (i.e., the date on the formal written notification of such from the Department). IDFPR has yet to post anything on its website regarding these amendments, but we will provide an update if and when it does. If you have any questions about these new provisions regarding the employment of license-pending dentists and hygienists, please contact Grogan Hesse & Uditsky today at (630) 833-5533 or contact us online to arrange for your free initial consultation. We focus a substantial part of our practice on providing exceptional legal services for dentists and dental practices, as well as orthodontists, periodontists, endodontists, pediatric dentists, and oral surgeons. We bring unique insights and deep commitment to protecting the interests of dental professionals and their practices and welcome the opportunity to work with you. Jordan Uditsky, an accomplished businessman and seasoned attorney, combines his experience as a legal counselor and successful entrepreneur to advise dentists and other business owners in the Chicago area. Jordan grew up in a dental family, with his father, grandfather, and sister each owning their own dental practices, and this blend of legal, business, and personal experience provides Jordan with unique insight into his clients’ needs, concerns, and goals.
As all dental practice owners know, insurance companies frequently make adjustments to their reimbursement amounts, leading to the common circumstance that a patient who paid a certain amount at the time of treatment may be entitled to a credit from the practice. That credit, usually kept on the practice’s books so that the patient can apply it to future services, has two distinct qualities that have significant legal and financial implications when a practice is about to be purchased or sold. Failure to account for and address such outstanding patient credits early in a transaction can lead to unwanted surprises as well as potentially costly penalties. That is because a patient credit is not only a liability on the books of the practice, it is also the as-yet unclaimed personal property of the patient. That latter characteristic comes with legal obligations under state unclaimed property laws. If you are buying or selling a dental practice, here is what you need to know about handling patient credits during and after the transaction. Accounting For Credits in the Purchase Price More often than not, unused patient credits remain just that – unused. If a practice purchaser knew for an absolute certainty that the patient would never return and ask for the credit to be applied to new services, it would not impact the underlying practice valuation or sale price. Of course, nothing is certain, and if a practice has thousands, tens of thousands, or hundreds of thousands of credits on the books, even a fraction of those credits, if redeemed, could have a significant impact on the practice’s profitability. That is why any patient credits should be disclosed, identified, and addressed as early in the transaction as possible so that neither the buyer nor seller find themselves in the uncomfortable position of renegotiating the purchase price or providing the buyer with a credit. Reporting and Accounting Obligations Under Unclaimed Property Laws Any business holding goods or funds that belong to a customer, client, or other company or individual cannot simply pocket that property or money because its owner may have forgotten about it or is unaware of its existence. If a business holding such property, which includes patient credits, loses contact with the owner for a certain period set by law (called the “dormancy period”), the company effectively becomes the trustee of that property, holding it for the benefit of the owner until they make a claim for its return. In Illinois, that claim may come after the owner searches the Illinois State Treasurer’s unclaimed property database . The information in that database comes from businesses that must provide the Treasurer’s Office with detailed and frequent reports about any unclaimed property they hold pursuant to the requirements of Illinois’ Revised Uniform Unclaimed Property Act (the “Act”). Most U.S. states have adopted this model act, so the following discussion of Illinois’ version is representative of unclaimed property laws generally. When Does Property Become “Unclaimed”? As noted, property is considered unclaimed and abandoned if it has not had any activity within a designated “dormancy period” and the holder is unable to locate the property owner. Under Sec. 15-201 of the Act, the dormancy period is three years for most types of property, though others have longer or shorter periods. For example, there is a 15-year period for traveler's checks, a five-year period for money orders, and a one-year period for payroll checks. Patient credits would fall under the three-year period. Reporting and Notice Obligations For Holders of Unclaimed Property Any for-profit and not-for-profit business entities that conduct business in Illinois are required to electronically report unclaimed property to the Treasurer’s Office on an annual basis. Even businesses not holding any unclaimed property must file a negative report advising as such if they meet any of the following criteria: Annual sales of more than $1,000,000; Securities that are publicly traded; A net worth of more than $10,000,000; or More than 100 employees. The deadline for Illinois dental practices to file unclaimed property reports for unused patient credits is May 1 of each year. The report should reflect one year of account activity three years prior to the last calendar year. Example: If your report is due May 1, 2018, your report will cover activity from January 1, 2014, through December 31, 2014. The detailed requirements as to what must be included in the report are set forth in Section 760.410 of the Illinois Administrative Code . At the same time the report is filed, unclaimed property must be remitted to the Treasurer’s Office. Holders of unclaimed property also must make efforts to reach out to the owner before filing their report and remitting the property. Specifically, the holder of property presumed abandoned shall send a due diligence notice to the apparent owner by first-class U.S. Mail between 60 days and one year before reporting the property. The required contents of the due diligence notice are set forth in Section 760.460 of the Illinois Administrative Code . Consequences of Non-Compliance Holders of unclaimed property face significant penalties for failing to comply with the reporting, notice, and remittance requirements of the Act. Interest and penalties may be imposed on the failure to file, pay, or deliver property by the required due date. Specifically, the state can charge interest at 1% per month on the value of the unreported/unpaid property and impose a penalty of $200 per day up to a maximum of $5,000 until the date a report is filed or the unclaimed property is paid or delivered. For businesses that may have neglected their obligations under the Act, Illinois (and most other states that have adopted the uniform act) offers a Voluntary Disclosure Agreement (VDA) program for unclaimed property holders. In exchange for voluntary compliance through an executed VDA, the Treasurer's Office will agree to forgo the right to assess penalties and interest outlined in the Act. How To Address Unclaimed Property Obligations in a Practice Sale As part of transactional due diligence, a practice purchaser should ensure that the seller has satisfied all of its reporting obligations under applicable law. If it has not, the purchaser should require the seller to complete a Voluntary Disclosure Agreement prior to closing and also include a robust indemnification clause in the purchase agreement should the practice later face penalties for noncompliance. Because of the financial complexities and legal risks involved relating to unclaimed patient credits, practice buyers and sellers alike should consult with experienced counsel to help them navigate this significant and oft-neglected aspect of the practice’s finances and operations. If you are a dental professional considering a sale, acquisition, or merger, please contact us at ddslawyers.com at (630) 833-5533 or contact us online to arrange for your complimentary initial consultation. We focus a substantial part of our practice on providing exceptional legal services for dentists and dental practices, as well as orthodontists, periodontists, endodontists, pediatric dentists, and oral surgeons. We bring unique insights and deep commitment to protecting the interests of dental professionals and their practices and welcome the opportunity to work with you. Jordan Uditsky, an accomplished businessman and seasoned attorney, combines his experience as a legal counselor and successful entrepreneur to advise dentists and other business owners in the Chicago area. Jordan grew up in a dental family, with his father, grandfather, and sister each owning their own dental practices, and this blend of legal, business, and personal experience provides Jordan with unique insight into his clients’ needs, concerns, and goals.
Dental practices that choose to lease rather than purchase and own their business location have several options for setting up shop. While plenty of practices operate out of stand-alone buildings, even more lease space in retail shopping centers, professional buildings, or office complexes. The terms of that lease – from the rent to the term to build-out, termination, or assignment rights – can have an outsized impact on the growth and success of a practice. But one lease provision, in particular, can determine whether your practice faces stiff and unwanted competition from another practice just steps from your office’s front door: the exclusivity (or exclusive use) clause. What Is An Exclusive Use Provision in a Dental Practice Lease? As the name implies, an exclusive use clause in a lease limits the landlord’s ability to lease space in the same complex or building to another tenant engaged in the same type of business. Think about why you would choose a particular location for your practice. Aside from the features of the space itself, it is likely because of favorable characteristics like foot traffic, accessibility, parking, and the lack of other similar practices in the surrounding area. If, after conducting demographic research and spending time and resources selecting the perfect location for your practice, your landlord could wipe out those efforts with the stroke of a pen by leasing space nearby to a competing practice, it could be a devastating blow. Negotiating an Exclusive Use Provision Most commercial leases are initially prepared by the landlord. As such, they are unsurprisingly skewed in favor of the landlord’s interests. It is unlikely that a landlord would voluntarily and preemptively tie their hands by limiting the pool of potential tenants. That is why the burden is usually on the tenant to push for and negotiate an exclusivity provision. When negotiating the terms of your dental practice lease (which you should only do with the help and counsel of an experienced attorney), the goal will be to get your landlord to agree not to rent space to other dental practice tenants. If your landlord refuses to limit their ability to lease space to other dentists generally and you nevertheless want to pursue the desired space, you may be able to be more specific and agree to a provision that restricts the landlord’s ability to lease to a particular competing specialty such as pediatric dentists, orthodontists, periodontists, etc. Protecting Yourself From a Landlord’s Breach of an Exclusivity Clause The contracts most likely to be broken are those with few, if any, consequences for violating their terms. That is why the value of an exclusivity provision is directly related to the price that the landlord will pay for entering into a lease with a competitor despite the clause in your lease. Given the potentially catastrophic impact of having a neighbor in the same building siphoning off your patients and diluting your hard-earned goodwill, that price should be significant. Several different penalties can serve to protect your practice from a breach of an exclusivity provision: Rent Abatement. One of the most straightforward and commonly used remedies is rent abatement. If the landlord allows a competing business to open in violation of the exclusive use clause, an abatement penalty can entitle you to a full or partial reduction in base rent or other charges. This abatement typically remains in effect until the violation is cured or the competing tenant leaves. The lease should specify the amount of rent to be abated (e.g., 50% of base rent) and whether the abatement applies to other charges such as common area maintenance fees or percentage rent. Termination Right. A strong lease will give the tenant the option to terminate the lease entirely if the landlord fails to cure the violation within a specified period after notice. This is a significant penalty that underscores the seriousness of the exclusive use protection. Liquidated Damages. Liquidated damages provide a pre-agreed amount that the landlord must pay if it breaches the exclusive use clause. This can be calculated based on the tenant’s projected loss in revenue, estimated lost profits, or some other measurable metric tied to the tenant’s business performance. Injunctive Relief. Ideally, the lease should give you the right to seek injunctive relief from a court to stop the violation of the exclusive use provision, such as requiring the landlord to terminate the lease or evict the competing tenant. Getting a landlord to agree to a strong exclusivity provision with equally strong penalties for breaches of it requires deft and persuasive negotiating skills, and is yet another reason why dental practice owners should never enter into or negotiate a lease without the assistance of experienced counsel. If you are considering a lease for your practice, please contact Grogan Hesse & Uditsky today at (630) 833-5533 or contact us online to arrange for your free initial consultation. We focus a substantial part of our practice on providing exceptional legal services for dentists and dental practices, as well as orthodontists, periodontists, endodontists, pediatric dentists, and oral surgeons. We bring unique insights and deep commitment to protecting the interests of dental professionals and their practices and welcome the opportunity to work with you. Jordan Uditsky, an accomplished businessman and seasoned attorney, combines his experience as a legal counselor and successful entrepreneur to advise dentists and other business owners in the Chicago area. Jordan grew up in a dental family, with his father, grandfather, and sister each owning their own dental practices, and this blend of legal, business, and personal experience provides Jordan with unique insight into his clients’ needs, concerns, and goals.
Recent amendments to the Illinois Dental Practice Act (the “Act”), which Gov. JB Pritzker is expected to soon sign into law, will make it easier for newly minted dental professionals to begin practicing while their license applications are pending. The amendments, which would take effect on January 1, 2026, establish the following criteria under which license-pending dentists and dental hygienists can practice under the delegation of a licensed general dentist: The Applicant has completed and passed the IDFPR-approved licensure exam and presented their employer with an official written notification indicating such; The Applicant has completed and submitted the application for licensure; and The Applicant has submitted the required licensure fee. Once obtained, authorization for dentists and dental hygienists to practice under these provisions can be terminated upon the occurrence of any of the following: The Applicant receives their full-practice license; IDFPR provides notification that the Applicant’s application has been denied; IDFPR requests that the Applicant stop practicing as a license-pending dentist/dental hygienist until the Department makes an official decision to grant or deny a license to practice; or Six months have passed since the official date of the Applicant’s passage of the licensure exam (i.e., the date on the formal written notification of such from the Department). IDFPR has yet to post anything on its website regarding these amendments, but we will provide an update if and when it does. If you have any questions about these new provisions regarding the employment of license-pending dentists and hygienists, please contact Grogan Hesse & Uditsky today at (630) 833-5533 or contact us online to arrange for your free initial consultation. We focus a substantial part of our practice on providing exceptional legal services for dentists and dental practices, as well as orthodontists, periodontists, endodontists, pediatric dentists, and oral surgeons. We bring unique insights and deep commitment to protecting the interests of dental professionals and their practices and welcome the opportunity to work with you. Jordan Uditsky, an accomplished businessman and seasoned attorney, combines his experience as a legal counselor and successful entrepreneur to advise dentists and other business owners in the Chicago area. Jordan grew up in a dental family, with his father, grandfather, and sister each owning their own dental practices, and this blend of legal, business, and personal experience provides Jordan with unique insight into his clients’ needs, concerns, and goals.
As all dental practice owners know, insurance companies frequently make adjustments to their reimbursement amounts, leading to the common circumstance that a patient who paid a certain amount at the time of treatment may be entitled to a credit from the practice. That credit, usually kept on the practice’s books so that the patient can apply it to future services, has two distinct qualities that have significant legal and financial implications when a practice is about to be purchased or sold. Failure to account for and address such outstanding patient credits early in a transaction can lead to unwanted surprises as well as potentially costly penalties. That is because a patient credit is not only a liability on the books of the practice, it is also the as-yet unclaimed personal property of the patient. That latter characteristic comes with legal obligations under state unclaimed property laws. If you are buying or selling a dental practice, here is what you need to know about handling patient credits during and after the transaction. Accounting For Credits in the Purchase Price More often than not, unused patient credits remain just that – unused. If a practice purchaser knew for an absolute certainty that the patient would never return and ask for the credit to be applied to new services, it would not impact the underlying practice valuation or sale price. Of course, nothing is certain, and if a practice has thousands, tens of thousands, or hundreds of thousands of credits on the books, even a fraction of those credits, if redeemed, could have a significant impact on the practice’s profitability. That is why any patient credits should be disclosed, identified, and addressed as early in the transaction as possible so that neither the buyer nor seller find themselves in the uncomfortable position of renegotiating the purchase price or providing the buyer with a credit. Reporting and Accounting Obligations Under Unclaimed Property Laws Any business holding goods or funds that belong to a customer, client, or other company or individual cannot simply pocket that property or money because its owner may have forgotten about it or is unaware of its existence. If a business holding such property, which includes patient credits, loses contact with the owner for a certain period set by law (called the “dormancy period”), the company effectively becomes the trustee of that property, holding it for the benefit of the owner until they make a claim for its return. In Illinois, that claim may come after the owner searches the Illinois State Treasurer’s unclaimed property database . The information in that database comes from businesses that must provide the Treasurer’s Office with detailed and frequent reports about any unclaimed property they hold pursuant to the requirements of Illinois’ Revised Uniform Unclaimed Property Act (the “Act”). Most U.S. states have adopted this model act, so the following discussion of Illinois’ version is representative of unclaimed property laws generally. When Does Property Become “Unclaimed”? As noted, property is considered unclaimed and abandoned if it has not had any activity within a designated “dormancy period” and the holder is unable to locate the property owner. Under Sec. 15-201 of the Act, the dormancy period is three years for most types of property, though others have longer or shorter periods. For example, there is a 15-year period for traveler's checks, a five-year period for money orders, and a one-year period for payroll checks. Patient credits would fall under the three-year period. Reporting and Notice Obligations For Holders of Unclaimed Property Any for-profit and not-for-profit business entities that conduct business in Illinois are required to electronically report unclaimed property to the Treasurer’s Office on an annual basis. Even businesses not holding any unclaimed property must file a negative report advising as such if they meet any of the following criteria: Annual sales of more than $1,000,000; Securities that are publicly traded; A net worth of more than $10,000,000; or More than 100 employees. The deadline for Illinois dental practices to file unclaimed property reports for unused patient credits is May 1 of each year. The report should reflect one year of account activity three years prior to the last calendar year. Example: If your report is due May 1, 2018, your report will cover activity from January 1, 2014, through December 31, 2014. The detailed requirements as to what must be included in the report are set forth in Section 760.410 of the Illinois Administrative Code . At the same time the report is filed, unclaimed property must be remitted to the Treasurer’s Office. Holders of unclaimed property also must make efforts to reach out to the owner before filing their report and remitting the property. Specifically, the holder of property presumed abandoned shall send a due diligence notice to the apparent owner by first-class U.S. Mail between 60 days and one year before reporting the property. The required contents of the due diligence notice are set forth in Section 760.460 of the Illinois Administrative Code . Consequences of Non-Compliance Holders of unclaimed property face significant penalties for failing to comply with the reporting, notice, and remittance requirements of the Act. Interest and penalties may be imposed on the failure to file, pay, or deliver property by the required due date. Specifically, the state can charge interest at 1% per month on the value of the unreported/unpaid property and impose a penalty of $200 per day up to a maximum of $5,000 until the date a report is filed or the unclaimed property is paid or delivered. For businesses that may have neglected their obligations under the Act, Illinois (and most other states that have adopted the uniform act) offers a Voluntary Disclosure Agreement (VDA) program for unclaimed property holders. In exchange for voluntary compliance through an executed VDA, the Treasurer's Office will agree to forgo the right to assess penalties and interest outlined in the Act. How To Address Unclaimed Property Obligations in a Practice Sale As part of transactional due diligence, a practice purchaser should ensure that the seller has satisfied all of its reporting obligations under applicable law. If it has not, the purchaser should require the seller to complete a Voluntary Disclosure Agreement prior to closing and also include a robust indemnification clause in the purchase agreement should the practice later face penalties for noncompliance. Because of the financial complexities and legal risks involved relating to unclaimed patient credits, practice buyers and sellers alike should consult with experienced counsel to help them navigate this significant and oft-neglected aspect of the practice’s finances and operations. If you are a dental professional considering a sale, acquisition, or merger, please contact us at ddslawyers.com at (630) 833-5533 or contact us online to arrange for your complimentary initial consultation. We focus a substantial part of our practice on providing exceptional legal services for dentists and dental practices, as well as orthodontists, periodontists, endodontists, pediatric dentists, and oral surgeons. We bring unique insights and deep commitment to protecting the interests of dental professionals and their practices and welcome the opportunity to work with you. Jordan Uditsky, an accomplished businessman and seasoned attorney, combines his experience as a legal counselor and successful entrepreneur to advise dentists and other business owners in the Chicago area. Jordan grew up in a dental family, with his father, grandfather, and sister each owning their own dental practices, and this blend of legal, business, and personal experience provides Jordan with unique insight into his clients’ needs, concerns, and goals.
